Why
would two people with the same job have completely different hobbies?
Why
is one person a thrill seeker and the other a homebody?
PERSONALITY
Personality is unique to each individual. Our personality influences our responses
to
our environment. Personality can be defined as the qualities and traits, that define the character or behavior of a specific person.
From our own experience, we may see that others behave differently in different circumstances or around different people. Studies back up this idea. Because we see people
in limited circumstances we tend to see consistency
Psychologists look
at personality by looking at what traits people report or demonstrate, but also they look at the context of the behaviour.
Marketers want to understand personality so they can segment consumers as far as activities, tastes and lifestyles
(psychographics)The better they understand the consumer the more accurate a marketing campaign could be.
Consumer Behaviour and Freudian Theory
Freud believed that
much of behaviour is from conflict between desire to gratify needs
and be responsible. He divided the self into three categories: the id, the ego and the superego
According to Freud when we are born we are under the control of the Id. The id doesn't care about reality; it wants what it wants. Within 3 years the ego develops. The ego is based on the reality principle. Ego’s job is to meet the needs of the id, while considering the reality of a situation. By age 5 the superego develops. The Superego is our moral compass. It develops because of the restraints placed on us by those who bring us up. Often the superego is thought of as our conscience dictating what is right and wrong.
id (basic needs that want immediate gratification examples-think of the behaviour of a baby- the baby takes what it wants, or consider the image of a cave person;
Superego (the system that internalizes society's rules and work to prevent id
from seeking selfish gratification example you may want to go out and party, but you have a test to study for. Your superego tells you to study)
Ego ( the system that mediates
between id and superego Example as we grow, we realize we can't just take things we want. We have to find a socially acceptable way of getting what we want. The ego uses the Reality Principle to mediate thoughts)
Id drives the "party
animal"; id seeks to satisfy the pleasure principle; superego drives
the rule ordered disciplined person
Much of Freud is
based on the unconscious, so the person is not always aware of what
drives him/her. Most Freudian applications
involve sexuality; a car may substitute for sex
see these older examples Freud Unconscious Ads See what AdWeek considered the Freakiest Ads of 2011 Help Remedies Dreams a sleep aid- Freud would have a field day here.
Application of Freudian
Theory- Motivational
Research
Motivational research
is based on Freudian interpretation; socially unacceptable needs
are channeled into acceptable outlets; product use is motivated by unconscious
forces. It uses in-depth interviews
about product usage compared to representative sample information
Motivational research
is appealing because of cost efficiency (small group interviewed)
and insights, intuitive sense. Motivational research became big in the 50's under Ernst Dichter an archetypical European shrink. According to Dichter humans were immature irrational and insecure with erotic desires/
Dichter claimed women smoked more when they viewed erect cigarettes in the hands of other women. He also recommended increasing the size of the original Barbie's boobs.
"Be smart, get a fresh start with Ivory soap," because bathing, in its old ritualistic, anthropological sense, is getting rid of all your bad feelings, your sins, your immorality, and cleansing yourself, baptism, etc." (Ernst Dichter, describing his first motivation research study)
Dichter fell out of favour in the 60's but Louis Cheskin continued with motivational research. Today it continues to be re-invented as psychometrics- factor-analysis, multidimensional scaling and data clustering Read an article from Sept 07 at Motivational Research?
The campaign for Esso "put
a tiger in your tank" is an example of Freudian appeal- the unconscious
But motivational
research is attacked by many because of power to manipulate and over
emphasis on analyst's conclusion and influence of Freud and sex.
Validity of Motivational
research is enhanced when combined with other research techniques
One neo Freudian Karen
Horney proposed three type of people: compliant (those
moving towards others),detached (those moving away from
others, aggressive (those moving against others); compliant people in studies gravitate to name brands; aggressive
prefer strong masculine named products.
What would Freud say about these ads?
ARCHETYPE
Carl Jung believed in the collective unconscious (a storehouse of memories from ancestors)
The shared memories invoke archetypes : these images appear frequently in
marketing: mother earth, wise old man
Mother Archetype
The mother archetype is symbolized by the primordial
mother or "earth mother" of mythology,
by Eve and Mary in western traditions, and by less
personal
symbols such
as the
church,
the nation, a forest, or the ocean.
Sex and the life instincts are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It
derives from our prehuman, animal past. It is the "dark side"
of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there.
It is "innocent." From the human perspective,
the animal world looks brutal, inhuman; the shadow
becomes the
part of ourselves
we can't
admit to.
Symbols of the shadow include the snake (as in the
garden of Eden), the dragon, monsters, and demons.
The persona represents your public image. The persona
is the mask you put on before
you show yourself to the outside world. At its
best,
it is just the "good impression"
we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us.
It can also be the "false impression" we
use to manipulate people's opinions and behaviors.
At its worst,
it can be mistaken,
even
by ourselves, for our true nature: Persona example Apple commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO_num9weag
Anima and animus
A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play.
Jung felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin
our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the
social sense. We come under the influence of society, which gradually
molds us into men and women.
The anima may be personified as a young girl,
very spontaneous and intuitive, or as a witch, or as the earth mother. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, a sorcerer, or often a number of males,
and tends to be logical, often rationalistic, even argumentative.
Father: a guide or an authority figure. The archetype family: blood relationship and ties
The child, represented in mythology and art by children,
infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ
child represents the future, becoming, rebirth, and salvation. The
child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god,
or the child-hero.
Many archetypes are story characters.
The Hero represents the ego - engaged in fighting
the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is
ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Heineken Hero http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=PlCyNjQBk_s
The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. She
represents purity, innocence, and, in all likelihood, naivete. The
hero is guided by the wise old man. He
is a form of the animus, and reveals
to the hero the nature
of the collective
unconscious. The "dark father." He
is the shadow and the master of the
dark side of the force. The animal archetype represents humanity's relationships with the animal world. The hero's
faithful horse would be an example. Snakes are often symbolic of the
animal archetype, and are thought to be particularly wise.
Nothing escapes the power of a Dirt Devil
The trickster represented by a clown or a magician's role is to hamper
the hero's progress and to generally make trouble.
The original man, represented in western
religion by Adam. Another is the God archetype, representing
our need to comprehend the universe, to give a meaning to all that
happens, to see it all as having some purpose and direction.
Traits are the identifiable characteristics that define a person: example-extroversion
versus introversion
Traits interesting to
marketing are innovation, materialism, self-consciousness, need for recognition
Using trait theory in
marketing has been problematic: researchers do not always agree on which traits to measure; many scales are not valid or reliable;
tests
often made for specific population; conditions of testing vary; instruments
are under revision; many measure gross overall tendencies. Because the context or conditions of a behaviour is also important, it can be difficult to recreate situations as they really may be in the real world.
BRAND PERSONALITY
Marketers are concerned with their Brand Identity and what they want is brand equity. Brand equity
refers to the extent to which a consumer holds a strong favourable and
unique association
with the brand
Personality dimensions
to compare and contrast character of brand: old-fashioned, wholesome,
traditional;
surprising, with it; serious, intelligent, efficient; glamorous, romantic,
sexy; rugged outdoorsy, tough, athletic
Creation and communication
of a distinctive brand personality can make a product stand out;
Example: Think Different
Apple brands
itself as "Unique", "Original", "Innovative" It's users are happy to
brand themselves as different; thus the THINK Different campaign Click Apple
TV ad to see stills of
the original commercial or to see and hear it Clickhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmwXdGm89Tk
ANIMISM and ANTHROPOMORPHISM
An inanimate
object can be given human characteristics (Animism) Animals can be humanlike
Anthropomorphism
is the attribution of uniquely human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings, natural and supernatural phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts.
the observable measurements of a population's
characteristics, such as birthrate, age distribution and income
Psychographics
the use of psychological, sociological,
and anthropological factors to construct market segments.
Uses AIOs to group consumers (activities, interests
and opinions)
Lifestyle
a set of shared values or tastes exhibited by a group of consumers
especially as these are reflected in consumption patterns
Two people can share
similar demographic background (middle class,similar education, age, occupation,
income) yet have very different psychographics and different buying or consuming
practices; each person has a different lifestyle. Even twins who live together will have different life experiences.
In traditional societies
consumption practices can be determined by class, family or village. Our world today is much more complex. We have millions of opportunities in the real world and in the online world. We can create our own social identity through
the things we do and through our product choices.
By understanding lifestyle, marketers can separate people into groups by looking at the leisure behaviours they exhibit and by seeing how they spend disposable income. They can also see lifestyle by looking at online activities- who the person associates with, the groups they join, the social networks they belong to, the things they share, the things they "like"
Lifestyle defines who
we are and who we are not. Lifestyle is not set in stone, it evolves through our lifetimes
Demographics
allow marketer to describe who buys a product; whereas, psychographics
allow marketer
to understand
why they buy a product
Forms of psychographic
studies:
a lifestyle
profile that
looks at items that differentiate between users and non users of a product
(who they are and who they are not)
a product-specific
profile identifying a target group that then profiles the consumers on product-relevant
dimensions
a study using
personality traits as descriptors where some variable such as concern for environment,
is analyzed to find related personality traits
a general lifestyle
segmentation,
where the respondents in a large sample are placed in homogeneous groups based
on preferences
a product-specific
segmentation where questions used in general approach are tailored to a product category.
AIOs (Activities, Interests
and Opinions)
Psychographic research
uses AIOs Activities-Interests-Opinions to group consumers
Consumers are given a
large number of statements and asked to indicate how much they agree with
each;
result is how people spend time, interests, self view, world view and demographic
information
Of course what people report about themselves may not be accurate, but what it may reflect is what a person would like to be like which is also relevant.(Recall the importance of the gap between the actual self and the ideal self. The greater the difference the more opportunity to appeal to fantasy.)
20/80 rule:
20/80 rule says about 20%
of consumers in a product category account for 80% of sales. These 20% make up a brand loyal group.
Researchers try to determine
who are heavy users, moderate users and light users
How is Psychographic
segmentation used?
To define target
market -what general characteristics make up the target group-
To create a new
view of market -where is there opportunity
To position
the product - to define the characteristics of the product to fit a particular group
To better communicate
product attributes- to define the key qualities of the products
To develop overall strategy- to define how (the tactics) to appeal to the consumer
To market social
and political issues
What measurements are
used?
One measurement is called
VALS (Values and Lifestyles-a psychographic segmentation system to categorize consumers
into clusters)
Main
categories are:
High Resources/Innovation)
Innovators (formerly Actualizers): successful consumers with
resources, concerned socially, open to change
Sufficient Resources
Thinkers (formerly Fulfilleds): satisfied, reflective, comfortable,
practical, value function Achievers: career oriented, prefer predictability
Experiencers: impulsive, young, enjoy offbeat and risk Fewer Resources/lower
innovation
Believers: strong principles, favour proven brand Strivers: like achievers with fewer resources, concern for
approval Makers: action oriented, focus on self-sufficiency, works
on car, cans vegetables, build house
Low Resources Survivors (formerly Strugglers): concern to meet needs of moment
GEODEMOGRAPHY
Geodemography is analytical
techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic
factors with geographic information on areas people live-idea is birds of
a feather flock together
Researchers now also
look at single source data ( information that includes different aspects
of
consumption and demographic data for a common consumer segment
LIFESTYLE TRENDS
Emphasis on value of
time saving products- consumer confidence up and down. North American are defined by possessions. Younger people are more diverse and socially conscious.
Movement toward a more
laid-back lifestyle and casual work environment
Paying
In 2005 Piggly Wiggly
a US grocery store introduced Biometric Buying- paying by fingerprint..It didn't last because the company that provided the technology went out of business)
Easier and easier to spend--Pay by mobile or app- Many businesses are allowing apple pay, augmented reality and mobile apps (QR codes) to connect to pay for goods or to take advantage of special deals. Tap and pay with smart phones.
Consumer Control
Consumers are more and more in control of what they watch..it's about PULL not PUSH The consumer today is no longer a passive entity, the consumer is more and more involved
The rise of ad skipping functions embedded in emerging technologies, digital personal video recorders (PVRs) and online streaming shows continue to fragment the market, as they say it threatens both the revenue and viability
of TV broadcasters. In Britain some firms have experimented with paying people
to view the commercials -see Pay to Watch
More On demand viewing and television shows watched online - example hulu.com/netflix/ and android boxes
USER Generated Content - everyday people are posting more and more, youtube stars have followings and influenceand. Many marketers today are jumping on the bandwagon and using Crowdsourcing techniques to run contests where consumers are challenged to create ads. Instead of content only created by a marketer, today we see the consumer involved in the creation of the message. When Google purchased YouTube in Oct 2006, it was not because YouTube was profitable. Google bought the potential that YouTube offered through possible advertising revenue.
Reaching the Fragmented Market
Ubiquitous advertising-no space is safe.
Product placement as a replacement for traditional advertising
has come of age. By 2005, the number of times a product made an appearance
in television programming jumped 30 percent to 108, 261, according to Nielsen
Media Research, which has been tracking the tactic for the last three years.
Even though the practice is so popular, no quantitative studies have yet
proven the effect of product integration. Consumers' and writers' groups
have complained that the practice is turning prime-time shows into infomercials. Reality shows are often the worst offenders
Marketers are increasing
using technology to "pull" consumers into their advertising.
With the rise of fragmentation,
marketers are desperate to try new ways to attract an audience. In the
60's commercials were mostly 60 second spots then they moved to 30 second
and by the late 80s -15 second spots arrived (they make up 36% of all TV
ads today. But now some are trying 10 or even five second spots or branding over top of shows
Behavioural
technology continues to produce Targeted
ads,
your behaviour is tracked -what you click is used to send targeted ads
to the pages that you view.
Databases are increasing being used to create Addressable advertising- advertising specifically for you- from the video screen at Tim Horton's to your TV screen and your computer screen -
Paid search- key words are sold by Search engines so that when you search a term those paid sites show up first in the list, or perhaps reroute you to another's page
The compass and GPS on smart phones are used by marketers in apps allow users to check-in to locations to share information and receive coupons and bonuses. Augmented reality browsers allow marketers to post location relevant information
2016- peer to peer luxury, reactive fashion and momentary marketing, millennial segmenting, branded cognition- experiential branding, appified retail and the digitized queue, viral oddity and intentional divergence, reality brandning and bodily esteem, winning at parenthood (perfect parents), streamlined feedback online, steminine play and the empowered girl, reactive fashion and techcessories, socialized reward, resource sharing and social good, peer-to-peer luxury, recognition purchasing, in store virtual reality and projection, crowsourced reward, momentary marketing, curated dining, retail community and experiential branding, matchmaking adulthood with big data, assisted entrepreneurship and automated creation.
Greenwashing- term describing the deceptive use of green PR or green marketing to promote a misleading perception that a company's policies or products (goods or services) are environmentally friendly. The term green sheen is used to describe organizations attempting to show they are adopting practices beneficial to the environment. Greenwashing may be described as "spin."
Above noted References and : Solomon, Michael R., Zaichkowsky, Judith and Rosemary Polegato. Consumer Behaviour: Buying, Having, Being. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada
HOME
PLEASE NOTE: Information on this site is for use of the students of this course. For copyright information of the linked sites please see the respective authors.
Personality & LifestylesFreud believed that much of behaviour is from conflict between desire to gratify needs and be responsible. He divided the self into three categories: the id, the ego and the superego
id (basic needs that want immediate gratification examples-think of the behaviour of a baby- the baby takes what it wants, or consider the image of a cave person;
Mother Archetype
In primitive societies, phallic symbols do not usually refer to sex .
Sex and the life instincts are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman, animal past. It is the "dark side" of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there. It is "innocent." From the human perspective, the animal world looks brutal, inhuman; the shadow becomes the part of ourselves we can't admit to.
The persona represents your public image. The persona
is the mask you put on before
you show yourself to the outside world. At its
best,
it is just the "good impression"
we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us.
It can also be the "false impression" we
use to manipulate people's opinions and behaviors.
At its worst,
it can be mistaken,
even
by ourselves, for our true nature: Persona example Apple commercial 
A part of our persona is the role of male or female we must play.
Jung felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin
our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the
social sense. We come under the influence of society, which gradually
molds us into men and women.
The child, represented in mythology and art by children,
infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ
child represents the future, becoming, rebirth, and salvation. The
child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god,
or the child-hero.
The Hero represents the ego - engaged in fighting
the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is
ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Heineken Hero 
Nothing escapes the power of a Dirt Devil
Example: Think Different
An inanimate
object can be given human characteristics (Animism) Animals can be humanlike 
Anthropomorphism 